Starobilsk
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Starobilsk
Старобільськ | |
|---|---|
 Luhansk National University building in Starobilsk | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Starobilsk .svg) Starobilsk | |
| Coordinates: 49°16′39″N 38°55′27″E / 49.27750°N 38.92417°E | |
| Country |  Ukraine |
| Oblast | Luhansk Oblast |
| Raion | Starobilsk Raion |
| Hromada | Starobilsk urban hromada |
| First mentioned | 1686 |
| City Status | 1938 |
| Population (2022) | |
• Total | 15,947 |
| Area code | (+380) |
| Vehicle registration | BB / 13 |
| Control | Russia |
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Starobilsk (Ukrainian: Старобільськ, lit. 'Old Bilsk'; Russian: Старобельск, romanized: Starobelsk) is a city in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Starobilsk Raion. The modern settlement was founded in 1686, and it was granted city status in 1938. The city has a population of 15,947 (2022 estimate).[1] As a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, it has been under Russian occupation since 2 March 2022.
History
[edit]Prehistory
[edit]Presumably, Starobilsk traces its heritage to the settlement of Bielska Sloboda which originally might have been named after Okolnichy Bogdan Belsky of Litvin Bielsky family who at that time was a subject of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.[citation needed]
Bielsky arrived at the banks of Siversky Donets to build a fortress at the southern borders Tsare-Borisov (after Muscovite Tsar Boris Godunov) which was erected not far away in 1598–1600. In 1602 Godunov became suspicious of Belsky and order him to be arrested, stripped of any estates, and exiled to Siberia. After the death of Godunov Belsky was granted amnesty in 1605 due to the fact that his sister being the wife of the deceased Boris Godunov, Maria Skuratova-Belskaya, became a regent. Belsky was sent as a voivode to Kazan where in 1611 was killed by a mob after refusing to pledge allegiance to False Dmitry II. Sloboda gradually became abandoned, while the fortress was destroyed in 1612 in one of the Tatar raids.
Origin
[edit]In 1686 the settlement was repopulated by servicemen of the Ostrohozk Sloboda Cossack Regiment who originally came from Poltava and Chernihiv regions and named their settlement after a town of Bilsk, Cossack Hetmanate that might have belonged to another Litvin who sided with Muscovites, Theodore Bielsky.
Being runaway serfs, the Tsarist government allowed them to settle in the military frontier with the Crimean realm to carry out border guard functions. After the place became populated with serfs from the central regions of today's Russia, the Tsarist government took measures to find and return those fugitives. In 1701 the Ambassadorial Prikaz decided to conduct a population census in new settlements along Aidar and Siversky Donets. Most population avoided the census. According to data of stolnik M.Pushkin who in 1703 conducted a population census in 34 settlements, in Bielsky was registered only 41 residents although in reality there were much more.
Trying to meet the demands of Russian landlords who repeatedly turned to the Tsar with complaints and requests to return fugitives, on 6 July 1707 Peter the Great issued an edict (ukase) about the search of "newly arrived from Rus all ranks of people". To the Don was sent a punitive detachment under the command of Colonel Prince Yuriy Dolgorukiy.[a] He was charged to search for fugitives and "take them to those landowners from whom they ran away". That action led to the well-known Bulavin Rebellion. Struggling with the rebellion, Tsarist troops eventually burnt the settlement to the ground.
In 1732 the settlement was repopulated again by peasants from around Ostrogozhsk (Ostrohozk) turning it into a sloboda Stara-Bila. Among the first of its new residents were again servicemen of the Ostrohozk Regiment led by sotnik I. Senelnykov. In 1782 Staro-Bila was assigned to the Derkul Horse Factory of Bilovodsk district (Voronezh Governorate). On Tsarist edict (ukase) from 1 May 1797 sloboda Staro-Bila was renamed into Starobelsk and became the administrative center of Starobelsk uyezd in Kharkov Governorate of the Russian Empire.
Modern era
[edit]Founded on 12 October 1851, Starobilsk "Joy of All Who Sorrows" Convent (Свято-Скорботний жіночий монастир) became a spiritual center for the region. After the Bolshevik revolution, the convent was restricted and, in April 1924, it was closed down. In 1992, the state returned it to the Orthodox Church. It was reconsecrated and opened in 1995.
The town was occupied by Austrian troops during the Central Powers' advance through Ukraine in the spring of 1918 but soon became a center of activity for the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine or Anarchists. A photograph in the City Regional Museum (Старобільський краєзнавчий музей) shows Anarchist leader Nestor Makhno addressing the people of Starobilsk from a balcony on the main square in 1919.
Prison camp for Polish POW officers
[edit].jpg)
During World War II, the old convent was the site of a Soviet prison camp for Polish prisoners of war (POWs), especially officers. 48 of those who died in the camp were buried at the Starobilsk cemetery. In 1994, their bodies were moved to the Polish War Quarter built by the Council for the Protection of Struggle and Martyrdom Sites at the Chmyrivka cemetery. A plaque on the outside wall of the convent states that more than 4,000 Polish prisoners of war were confined inside the convent and ultimately executed in 1940. The Starobilsk prisoners were executed at the District Directorate of the NKVD in Kharkov and later buried in the forest in Pyatykhatky. These executions, together with executions of Polish officers held in POW camps at Kozelsk, Ostashkov, and some smaller camps, became known as the Katyn massacre.[2][3][4][5][6]
The German Wehrmacht entered Starobilsk in late 1942, and evacuated nine months later, destroying much of the city but neglecting to dynamite the milk factory. The Germans operated a Nazi prison in the city.[7] The town was rebuilt around this factory, which in turn helped the region recover after the war.
21st century
[edit]During the first phase of the Russo-Ukrainian War many places in Luhansk Oblast were taken over by pro-Russian separatists; however, Starobilsk remained under Ukrainian control.[8] The flag of the Luhansk People's Republic was raised over the Hotel Aidar on 17 June 2014, but swiftly removed. The city was occupied by a military presence for two years thereafter, during which time the statue of Lenin in Starobilsk city park was toppled by a tank.[citation needed]
In 2016, Lenin Street was renamed Monastery Street as it had been before the Bolshevik revolution.[citation needed]
Russian occupation
[edit]On 24 February 2022, at the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian Forces began an assault on Starobilsk, consisting of an unspecified number of Tanks, BMPS, and infantry.[citation needed]
On 6 March 2022, hundreds of locals gathered and took down the flag of the so-called Luhansk People's Republic, burning it and singing the Ukrainian national anthem. The pro-Russian forces dispersed the pro-Ukrainian meeting with shots in the air.[9][10]
On 11 August 2022, Askyar Laishev, a former law enforcement officer and collaborator, was killed in a car bombing on Shevchenko Street.[11]
In early September 2022, Ukraine launched a major counteroffensive in the region. On 13 September, Ukrainian Governor of Luhansk Oblast, Serhiy Haidai, stated that Russian forces had fled Starobilsk adding that the city was "practically empty".[12][13] As for December 2022, the latter claim was proven to be false, as the Ukrainian counteroffensive has stalled outside Svatove, around 60 KM from Starobilsk.[14]
On 1 April 2024 a car bomb in the centre of Starobilsk killed the pro-Russian Deputy Head of the Centre for Servicing Educational Organisations of the Luhansk People’s Republic, Valerii Chaika.[15]
Demographics
[edit]Ethnic makeup as of 2001:[16]
Native language according to the 2001 Ukrainian census:[17]
Historical population data
[edit]As of the first general census of the Russian Empire in 1897, Starobilsk counted a population of 9,801 inhabitants. The native language composition was as follows:[18]
International relations
[edit]Twin cities
[edit]Starobilsk is twinned with:
Notable people
[edit]- Nadiya Svitlychna attended school in Starobilsk
- Oleh Liashko, Ukrainian politician and founder of the nationalist Radical Party
- Serhiy Zhadan, Ukrainian poet
Gallery
[edit]-
Starobilsk dam on Aidar River -
Starobilsk Monastery -
Old fire station -
Local museum -
Historic architecture in the city center -
Original coat of arms
monastur.jpg)
Notes
[edit]- ^ not to be confused with the Great Prince of Kyiv
References
[edit]- ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
- ^ Tucholski, Jędrzej (1991). Mord w Katyniu. Kozielsk – Ostaszków – Starobielsk. Lista ofiar [The Katyn Murder. Kozielsk - Ostaszków - Starobielsk. A Roll-call of the Victims] (in Polish). Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax. ISBN 83-211-1408-3.
- ^ Cf. the Polish publication series "Zeszyty Katyńskie" or "Katyn Notebooks" published by the Independent Historical Committee for the Investigation of the Katyn Massacre and the Polish Katyn Foundation since 1990, containing scientific studies and source documents regarding the Katyn Massacre. As of 2017, 26 issues were published.
- ^ Cf. the profile of the Muzeum Katyńskie or Katyn Museum in Warsaw and its mission: The Mission of the Katyn Museum, stated as: "The Katyn Museum numbers among unique museums - historical and martyrological, i.e. such whose task it is to present the Katyn Massacre through "special" objects of historical value [museum specimen and relics dug out from the death pits - in Katyn, Kharkov and Miednoye] and through numerous documents - in its permanent exhibition."
- ^ Davies, Norman (1997). "Katyń". Europe: A History (reprinted with corrections). London: Pimlico, Random House. pp. 1004–5. ISBN 0-7126-6633-8.
On 5 March 1940, Stalin signed an order authorizing the NKVD to shoot over 26,000 Allied prisoners-of-war. The prisoners, who had been captured during a joint German-Soviet operation in Poland the previous September, were being held in three separate Soviet camps-at Kozielsk, Ostashkovo, and Starobielsk. They were nearly all Polish reserve officers. ... The Katyń Massacres presented a major embarassement for British policy. ... London was deeply committed to the alliance with Stalin.
- ^ "Commemorating the 80th Anniversary of the Katyn Massacre". Wilson Centre. 2020. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
In a series of mass executions in April and May 1940, Soviet secret police murdered an estimated 22,000 captive Polish military officers and soldiers, policemen, officials, intelligentsia and others. Conducted on the orders of Stalin's Politburo, the events came to be known as the Katyn massacre after the Katyn Forest where the first mass graves were discovered.
The debate is available online. - ^ "Gefängnis Starobil's'k". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Aidar soldiers uneasy about future as orders come to leave base, Kyiv Post (9 July 2015)
Ukraine: Risking lives to restore power in front-line villages, ICRC (29 May 2015) - ^ В Старобельске жители сорвали с флагштока флаг агрессора и спели гимн Украины[usurped]
- ^ На Луганщині люди вийшли на мітинг та замінили "прапор" "ЛНР" на український: окупанти відкрили стрілянину
- ^ "Video shows moment car bomb blasts Ukrainian 'traitor' in". 27 August 2022.
- ^ "Война в Украине. Зеленский посетил Изюм и пообещал вернуть все оккупированные территории - Новости на русском языке". 18 August 2022.
- ^ "Настоящее Время".
- ^ de Tinguy, Anne (2019-09-04), "L'Ukraine de Volodymyr Zelensky", Ramses 2020, Dunod, pp. 238–241, doi:10.3917/dunod.ifri.2019.01.0238, ISBN 9782100801138, retrieved 2022-12-21
- ^ Автомобиль взорвался в Старобельске, погиб человек – глава администрации
- ^ "Національний склад міст".
- ^ "Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України".
- ^ "Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам 50 губерний Европейской России". www.demoscope.ru (in Russian).
- ^ "Miasta Partnerskie Lublina" [Lublin - Partnership Cities]. Urząd Miasta Lublin - City of Lublin (lublin.eu) (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
External links
[edit]
- Butkov, V., Voitenko, O., Semenov, V., Kholdobin, I. Starobilsk. The history of cities and villages of the Ukrainian SSR.
- The list of Polish POWs held in the NKVD Starobielsk Camp in 1939-40 and murdered in Kharkov
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